Feline calicivirus: symptoms and treatment

Feline calicivirus is one of the most common viruses affecting cats, and it is natural to worry about their health and how this virus affects your pet. In this article, we explain what it is, its main symptoms, and the treatment used to prevent and manage infection in cats. Keep reading!

What is feline calicivirus?

Feline calicivirus is one of the viruses that most commonly affects cats. It belongs to the Caliciviridae family and is known for causing upper respiratory problems, oral lesions and, in some cases, serious systemic complications.

How is feline calicivirus transmitted?

Feline calicivirus is mainly transmitted through direct contact with secretions from infected cats, such as saliva, nasal secretions and conjunctival discharge, as well as through contaminated objects such as food bowls, water bowls, toys or even bedding. Although less common, environmental transmission is also possible in enclosed spaces.

It is important to note that cats can be asymptomatic carriers for weeks or months, which makes the silent spread of the virus easier.

Symptoms of feline calicivirus

Calicivirus in cats presents different symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the cat's immune status and the viral strain. Some of the most common symptoms include:

1. Respiratory signs: frequent sneezing, nasal discharge, breathing difficulties and coughing.
2. Oral lesions: ulcers on the tongue, gums and palate, which can cause pain when eating and drinking.
3. Fever and lethargy: cats may appear tired, lose their appetite and develop a moderate fever.
4. Conjunctivitis: redness, eye discharge and excessive tearing.
5. Ulcers on the nose or paws: less common, but they may appear in more severe infections.
6. Blood clots or joint inflammation: some cats develop joint pain, lameness or swelling.

In severe cases or with virulent strains, the virus can cause systemic feline calicivirus syndrome (VS-FCV), which is characterised by high fever, pneumonia, pulmonary oedema and extensive skin lesions. This form can be potentially fatal and requires immediate veterinary attention.

As for the diagnosis of feline calicivirus, it is based on the observation of clinical symptoms, together with specific laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and viral isolation from oral or nasal secretions.

The vet may also carry out a full physical examination to rule out other respiratory infections, as the symptoms of calicivirus can be confused with those of feline herpesvirus or other respiratory diseases.

Prevention and treatment of feline calicivirus

Although there is no specific antiviral treatment that eliminates the virus, the following may help:

1. Nutritional support and hydration: keeping the cat well hydrated and encouraging feeding with soft, appetising foods is essential, along with supplements to support their immune defences.
2. Pain and fever control: the vet may prescribe pain relief or anti-inflammatory medication that is safe for cats to reduce the discomfort caused by oral ulcers and fever.
3. Antibiotics: although they do not fight the virus, they may be given to prevent secondary bacterial infections that often accompany ulcers and respiratory problems.
4. Isolation and cleaning: infected cats should be kept separate from other cats to prevent transmission. Disinfecting surfaces and objects is crucial, as the virus can survive for several weeks in the environment.
5. Treatment of complications: in cases of pneumonia or systemic syndrome, hospitalisation and intensive care may be necessary.

Prevention is the most effective strategy against feline calicivirus. Some key measures include:

• Vaccination: there is a vaccine that protects against the most common strains of FCV. Although it does not guarantee total immunity, it significantly reduces the severity of the disease.
• Environmental control: keeping the areas where cats live clean, avoiding the build-up of shared objects and encouraging ventilation.
• Avoiding contact with sick cats: especially in shelters, breeding facilities or during feline gatherings.
• Regular veterinary check-ups: regular check-ups help detect infections early and maintain the cat's overall health.

Feline calicivirus is a common disease, but it can be very serious if not treated properly. Recognising its symptoms early and providing the right supportive treatment can significantly improve the cat's quality of life and prevent complications.